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	<title>Comments for BioBlitz Bristol</title>
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	<link>http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com</link>
	<description>Kings Weston Estate, Bristol. May 3 / 4 2013</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2013 17:24:12 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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		<title>Comment on Upcoming Bristol BioBlitz 2013 at Kingsweston by DavidB</title>
		<link>http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/2013/04/29/upcoming-bristol-bioblitz-2013-at-kingsweston/#comment-303</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[DavidB]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2013 17:24:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/?p=1696#comment-303</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[beginning to get our gear togeather...]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>beginning to get our gear togeather&#8230;</p>
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		<title>Comment on Upcoming Bristol BioBlitz 2013 at Kingsweston by Upcoming Bristol BioBlitz 2013 at Kingsweston &#124; BioBlitz UK</title>
		<link>http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/2013/04/29/upcoming-bristol-bioblitz-2013-at-kingsweston/#comment-302</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Upcoming Bristol BioBlitz 2013 at Kingsweston &#124; BioBlitz UK]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2013 15:18:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/?p=1696#comment-302</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...] Upcoming Bristol BioBlitz 2013 at Kingsweston. [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] Upcoming Bristol BioBlitz 2013 at Kingsweston. [...]</p>
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		<title>Comment on Blogging about a Wild Winter by bioblitzuk</title>
		<link>http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/2012/12/11/blogging-about-a-wild-winter/#comment-301</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[bioblitzuk]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2013 14:26:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/?p=1611#comment-301</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Close, Trudy, but no cigar! - It&#039;s a Redwing - another species of winter thrush closely related to the Fieldfare. Both come to the UK from Scandanavia an other colder climes to gorge on our autumn berries.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Close, Trudy, but no cigar! &#8211; It&#8217;s a Redwing &#8211; another species of winter thrush closely related to the Fieldfare. Both come to the UK from Scandanavia an other colder climes to gorge on our autumn berries.</p>
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		<title>Comment on Blogging about a Wild Winter by Trudy Connor</title>
		<link>http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/2012/12/11/blogging-about-a-wild-winter/#comment-292</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Trudy Connor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 11 Dec 2012 19:43:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/?p=1611#comment-292</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I think this is a fieldfare]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I think this is a fieldfare</p>
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		<title>Comment on Blogging about a Wild Winter by Jo Ann</title>
		<link>http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/2012/12/11/blogging-about-a-wild-winter/#comment-291</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Jo Ann]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 11 Dec 2012 19:13:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/?p=1611#comment-291</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I like your winter DIY projects for the birds. Think I&#039;ll try the suet recipe. We go through a lot of suet cakes every winter.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I like your winter DIY projects for the birds. Think I&#8217;ll try the suet recipe. We go through a lot of suet cakes every winter.</p>
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		<title>Comment on Give your garden wildlife a gift this Christmas &#8211; Make your own bird cakes! by david b</title>
		<link>http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/2012/12/11/give-your-garden-wildlife-a-gift-this-christmas-make-your-own-bird-cakes/#comment-290</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[david b]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 11 Dec 2012 16:04:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/?p=1679#comment-290</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Making fatballs with kids is great fun.  But if you do buy ready made remember to buy the net free versions.  As legs can get trappped in the nets.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Making fatballs with kids is great fun.  But if you do buy ready made remember to buy the net free versions.  As legs can get trappped in the nets.</p>
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		<title>Comment on A glorious day at the Bristol BioBlitz by bristolstorage</title>
		<link>http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/a-glorious-day-at-the-bristol-bioblitz/#comment-257</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[bristolstorage]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 15 Aug 2012 09:29:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/?p=1564#comment-257</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Looks like you had the perfect day for it!]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Looks like you had the perfect day for it!</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Comment on It&#8217;s the final countdown&#8230; by bristolstorage</title>
		<link>http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/its-the-final-countdown/#comment-256</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[bristolstorage]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 15 Aug 2012 09:28:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/?p=1581#comment-256</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Fantastic work guys congrats! Hopefully you&#039;ll uncover even more next time round!]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Fantastic work guys congrats! Hopefully you&#8217;ll uncover even more next time round!</p>
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		<title>Comment on Fern or bracken? It&#8217;s all in the pinnate. by Martin Rand</title>
		<link>http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/2011/05/20/fern-or-bracken-its-all-in-the-pinnate/#comment-254</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Martin Rand]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Jul 2012 05:20:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/?p=1059#comment-254</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Well, sorry to be a grump, but there&#039;s rather a lot that&#039;s, er, not quite right about Simon&#039;s original posting.
1. You can&#039;t talk about telling Bracken from ferns. Bracken _is_ a fern - in fact, the boss fern, occurring in more parts of the world than any other. That&#039;s not just pedantry, as we&#039;ll see shortly.
2. &quot;Pinnate&quot; is an adjective that says that a leaf or blade is divided down into separate segments. You can&#039;t talk about &quot;a pinnate&quot;. If you go to a flora or field guide to help you out on this, it won&#039;t mention &quot;pinnates&quot; - the usual terms are &quot;frond&quot; or &quot;blade&quot;  for fern leaves.
3. Yes, Bracken is 3-pinnate (its leaves divide down three times). Unfortunately, you can&#039;t tell that from the posting, as the photo doesn&#039;t show the whole frond and you can&#039;t see the first division. No wonder Janet was struggling.
4. According to species and sometimes even varying a bit within species, other ferns can have leaves that are entire (completely undivided); lobed but not pinnate; 1-pinnate; 2-pinnate; 3-pinnate; or 4-pinnate. A very common example of a 3-pinnate fern that isn&#039;t Bracken, found pretty well all over Britain, is Broad Buckler-fern.(Actually, the last division of the leaves is often only part-way to the base, in Bracken or in other ferns, Books sometimes refer to this as &quot;2-3&quot; or even &quot;2 1/2&quot; pinnate, or whatever times and a half it is.)

So, how _do_ you tell Bracken from other ferns you might come across?
1. Its fronds come up singly, not in tufts or &quot;shuttlecocks&quot; like many other ferns.
2. It&#039;s 3-pinnate (yes, that certainly does narrow the field down a lot).
3. Take a mature leaf and look at the underside. That&#039;s where, on most ferns, the spores are The spores are the things which, after a complicated life-cycle, eventually give rise to baby ferns. They are massed together in clumps or lines, in some species with a membranous lid or flap covering them. The patterns these form are often distinctive. In the case of Bracken, the spores occur in a continuous line around the edge of each leaf-segment, and are covered by a continuous flap formed partly by a very narrow membrane and partly by the edge of the leaflet being rolled over. If you&#039;re unlucky and get a frond that&#039;s not sporing, the rolled-over edge is still there (as long as the frond isn&#039;t very young). 

In answer to Fred&#039;s question, the stem of Bracken is actually pretty robust compared with many other ferns.The other fern illustrated is either Male Fern or a Golden-scaled Male Fern. These can have stems that are either more or less robust than Bracken - one species of Golden-scaled is certainly very chunky. 

- Martin Rand
  BSBI Recorder, South Hampshire]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Well, sorry to be a grump, but there&#8217;s rather a lot that&#8217;s, er, not quite right about Simon&#8217;s original posting.<br />
1. You can&#8217;t talk about telling Bracken from ferns. Bracken _is_ a fern &#8211; in fact, the boss fern, occurring in more parts of the world than any other. That&#8217;s not just pedantry, as we&#8217;ll see shortly.<br />
2. &#8220;Pinnate&#8221; is an adjective that says that a leaf or blade is divided down into separate segments. You can&#8217;t talk about &#8220;a pinnate&#8221;. If you go to a flora or field guide to help you out on this, it won&#8217;t mention &#8220;pinnates&#8221; &#8211; the usual terms are &#8220;frond&#8221; or &#8220;blade&#8221;  for fern leaves.<br />
3. Yes, Bracken is 3-pinnate (its leaves divide down three times). Unfortunately, you can&#8217;t tell that from the posting, as the photo doesn&#8217;t show the whole frond and you can&#8217;t see the first division. No wonder Janet was struggling.<br />
4. According to species and sometimes even varying a bit within species, other ferns can have leaves that are entire (completely undivided); lobed but not pinnate; 1-pinnate; 2-pinnate; 3-pinnate; or 4-pinnate. A very common example of a 3-pinnate fern that isn&#8217;t Bracken, found pretty well all over Britain, is Broad Buckler-fern.(Actually, the last division of the leaves is often only part-way to the base, in Bracken or in other ferns, Books sometimes refer to this as &#8220;2-3&#8243; or even &#8220;2 1/2&#8243; pinnate, or whatever times and a half it is.)</p>
<p>So, how _do_ you tell Bracken from other ferns you might come across?<br />
1. Its fronds come up singly, not in tufts or &#8220;shuttlecocks&#8221; like many other ferns.<br />
2. It&#8217;s 3-pinnate (yes, that certainly does narrow the field down a lot).<br />
3. Take a mature leaf and look at the underside. That&#8217;s where, on most ferns, the spores are The spores are the things which, after a complicated life-cycle, eventually give rise to baby ferns. They are massed together in clumps or lines, in some species with a membranous lid or flap covering them. The patterns these form are often distinctive. In the case of Bracken, the spores occur in a continuous line around the edge of each leaf-segment, and are covered by a continuous flap formed partly by a very narrow membrane and partly by the edge of the leaflet being rolled over. If you&#8217;re unlucky and get a frond that&#8217;s not sporing, the rolled-over edge is still there (as long as the frond isn&#8217;t very young). </p>
<p>In answer to Fred&#8217;s question, the stem of Bracken is actually pretty robust compared with many other ferns.The other fern illustrated is either Male Fern or a Golden-scaled Male Fern. These can have stems that are either more or less robust than Bracken &#8211; one species of Golden-scaled is certainly very chunky. </p>
<p>- Martin Rand<br />
  BSBI Recorder, South Hampshire</p>
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		<title>Comment on Fern or bracken? It&#8217;s all in the pinnate. by Janet Dorey</title>
		<link>http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/2011/05/20/fern-or-bracken-its-all-in-the-pinnate/#comment-253</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Janet Dorey]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Jul 2012 14:06:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bioblitzbristol.wordpress.com/?p=1059#comment-253</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Nope, sorry, I&#039;m not seeing it.  Got another example?]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Nope, sorry, I&#8217;m not seeing it.  Got another example?</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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